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        <center>移动开发技术进化历程</center>
<a id="more"></a>

<p><a href="https://book.flutterchina.club/chapter1/mobile_development_intro.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">原文 杜文（网名wendux）《Flutter实战》</a></p>
<h2 id="原生开发"><a href="#原生开发" class="headerlink" title="原生开发"></a>原生开发</h2><p>移动平台指 Android、IOS 等系统。<br>原生应用程序指一个移动平台特有的应用，使用平台支持的开发工具和语言，直接调用系统提供的 SDK API。</p>
<ul>
<li>Android：<code>Java</code>或<code>Kotlin</code>语言直接调用 Android SDK 开发应用程序</li>
<li>IOS：<code>Objective-C</code>或<code>Swift</code>语言直接调用 ios SDK 开发应用程序</li>
</ul>
<p>优势：</p>
<ul>
<li>可访问平台全部功能</li>
<li>速度快、性能高、可实现复杂动画及绘制，用户体验好</li>
</ul>
<p>缺点：</p>
<ul>
<li>不同平台需要开发维护不同代码</li>
<li>动态化（不发版也可以更新应用内容）弱，大多数情况有新功能更新必须发版</li>
</ul>
<p>纯原生开发面临开发成本和动态化两个问题，因此诞生了一些跨平台的动态化框架。</p>
<h2 id="三类跨平台技术"><a href="#三类跨平台技术" class="headerlink" title="三类跨平台技术"></a>三类跨平台技术</h2><ul>
<li>H5 + 原生（Cordova，Ionic，微信小程序）</li>
<li>JavaScript 开发 + 原生渲染（React Native，Weex，快应用）</li>
<li>自绘 UI + 原生（QT for mobile，Flutter）</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="H5-原生（Hybrid）"><a href="#H5-原生（Hybrid）" class="headerlink" title="H5 + 原生（Hybrid）"></a>H5 + 原生（Hybrid）</h3><p>原理：将 APP 一部分需要动态变动的内容通过 H5 实现，通过原生网页加载控件（WebView-Android，WKWebView-ios）来加载。</p>
<ul>
<li>H5 部分可随时改变不用发版，动态化</li>
<li>H5 代码只需一次开发就可以在两个平台运行</li>
<li>这种 h5+原生的开发模式称为<code>混合开发</code>，采用混合开发的 APP 称为<code>混合应用</code>或<code>Hybrid App</code>，如果应用大多数功能都是 H5 实现，称其为<code>Web App</code></li>
</ul>
<p>典型代表：Cordova、Ionic、微信小程序（小程序在 webviwe 中渲染，并非原生渲染）</p>
<p>技术点：</p>
<ul>
<li>H5 代码运行在 WebView 中，WebView 实质上是浏览器内核，其 JavaScript 运行在一个权限受限的沙箱中，对大多数系统能力无法访问</li>
<li>混合框架在原生代码中预先实现一些访问系统能力的 API，暴露给 WebView 以供 JavaScript 调用</li>
<li>WebView 成为 JavaScript 与原生 API 之间通信的桥梁，将<strong>依赖于 WebView 的用于在 JavaScript 与原生之间通信并实现了某种消息传输协议的工具</strong>称为<code>WebView JavaScrip Bridge</code>，即<code>JsBridge</code>，它是混合开发框架的核心</li>
</ul>
<p>优缺点：优点是动态内容是 H5，web 技术栈，社区及资源丰富；缺点是性能不好，无法实现复杂用户界面或动画。</p>
<h3 id="JavaScript-开发-原生渲染"><a href="#JavaScript-开发-原生渲染" class="headerlink" title="JavaScript 开发 + 原生渲染"></a>JavaScript 开发 + 原生渲染</h3><p>DOM 树与控件树：DOM 树和控件树是等价概念，前者用于 Web 开发中，后者用于原生开发中。</p>
<p>响应式编程：</p>
<ul>
<li>只关注状态（数据）转移，状态变化自动根据新的状态重新构建 UI</li>
<li>框架接收到状态变化通知后，根据当前渲染树，结合最新状态改变，计算出树中变化的部分，然后只更新变化的部分</li>
<li>第二点中，状态变化后 React 框架不会立即计算并渲染 DOM 树变化部分，会在 DOM 基础上建立一个虚拟 DOM 树，状态改动先会被同步到虚拟 DOM，最后批量同步到真实 DOM（浏览器中每一次 DOM 操作都可能引起浏览器的重绘或回流，频繁操作 DOM 会带来性能问题）</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="React-Native"><a href="#React-Native" class="headerlink" title="React Native"></a>React Native</h4><p>React 与 React Native：</p>
<ul>
<li>React Native 是 React 在原生移动应用平台的衍生产物</li>
<li>区别在于虚拟 DOM 映射对象，React 中虚拟 DOM 映射为<strong>浏览器 DOM 树</strong>，RN 中虚拟 DOM 通过<code>JavaScriptCore</code>映射为<strong>原生控件树</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>JavaScriptCore：</p>
<ul>
<li>是一个 JavaScript 解释器</li>
<li>在 RN 中为 JavaScript 提供运行环境</li>
<li>和 JsBridge 一样，是 JavaScript 和原生应用之间的通信桥梁</li>
</ul>
<p>RN 中将虚拟 DOM 映射为原生控件过程：</p>
<ul>
<li>布局消息传递：将虚拟 DOM 布局信息传递给原生</li>
<li>原生根据布局信息渲染控件树</li>
</ul>
<p>优势：</p>
<ul>
<li>RN 使用了 Web 技术栈，只需维护一份代码</li>
<li>原生控件渲染，性能比混合开发中 H5 好</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="Weex"><a href="#Weex" class="headerlink" title="Weex"></a>Weex</h4><p>Weex 是阿里巴巴发布的跨平台移动端开发框架，思想及原理和 React Native 类似。<br>不同在语法层面，Weex 支持 Vue 和 Rax，RN 只支持 JSX。</p>
<h4 id="快应用"><a href="#快应用" class="headerlink" title="快应用"></a>快应用</h4><p>快应用是华为、小米、OPPO 等国内 9 大手机厂商制定的轻量级应用标准，采用 JavaScript 开发，原生控件渲染。</p>
<p>与 React Native、Weex 区别：</p>
<ul>
<li>采用 JavaScript 开发，自身不支持 Vue 或 React 语法</li>
<li>RN 和 Weex 的渲染/排版引擎集成在框架中，每个 APP 都要打包一份，安装包体积较大</li>
<li>快应用渲染/排版引擎集成在 ROM 中，应用中无需打包，安装包体积小，快速分发</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</h4><p>优势：</p>
<ul>
<li>Web 技术栈，社区庞大，上手快，成本低</li>
<li>原生渲染，性能比 H5 好</li>
<li>动态化较好</li>
</ul>
<p>缺点：</p>
<ul>
<li>渲染时需要 JavaScript 和原生之间通信，通信频繁会导致卡顿</li>
<li>JavaScript 为脚本语言，执行时需要<code>JIT(Just In Time)</code>，执行效率和<code>AOT(Ahead Of Time)</code>代码仍有差距</li>
<li>渲染依赖原生控件，不同平台控件需要单独维护；控件受原生 UI 系统限制</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="自绘-UI-原生"><a href="#自绘-UI-原生" class="headerlink" title="自绘 UI + 原生"></a>自绘 UI + 原生</h3><p>原理：在不同平台实现一个统一接口的渲染引擎来绘制 UI，不依赖系统原生控件，可以做到不同平台 UI 一致。自绘引擎解决的是 UI 的跨平台问题，如果涉及其他系统能力调用，还要涉及原生开发。</p>
<p>优势：</p>
<ul>
<li>性能高：自绘引擎直接调用系统 API 来绘制 UI，性能和原生控件接近</li>
<li>灵活、组件库易维护、UI 外观一致性高</li>
</ul>
<p>缺点：</p>
<ul>
<li>动态性不足：为保证 UI 绘制性能，一般采用 AOT 模式编译发布包，应用发布后不能像 JIT 作为开发语言的框架那样动态下发代码</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="QT"><a href="#QT" class="headerlink" title="QT"></a>QT</h4><p>QT 是自绘 UI + 原生设计思想的一个典型代表，但在移动端表现不佳</p>
<ul>
<li>使用 C++作为开发语言，效率低，UI 开发灵活性弱</li>
<li>移动端发力晚，市场已被 Hybrid、RN 等其他动态框架占领</li>
<li>社区小，生态不好</li>
<li>官方推广不力</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="Flutter"><a href="#Flutter" class="headerlink" title="Flutter"></a>Flutter</h4><p>Flutter 不会步 QT 后尘</p>
<ul>
<li>生态：目前 Flutter 活跃用户高速增长，社区已经很庞大，文档、资源越来越丰富，开发中很多问题都可以在 github issue 和 Stackoverflow 中找到答案</li>
<li>官方支持：Google 正大力推广 Flutter，版本发布频繁</li>
<li>开发效率：Flutter 热重载提高开发效率</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="总结-1"><a href="#总结-1" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</h3><p>三种跨平台技术：</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>技术类型</th>
<th>UI 渲染方式</th>
<th>性能</th>
<th>开发效率</th>
<th>动态化</th>
<th>框架代表</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>H5+原生</td>
<td>WebView 渲染</td>
<td>一般</td>
<td>高</td>
<td>支持</td>
<td>Cordova、Ionic、微信小程序</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>JavaScript+原生渲染</td>
<td>原生控件渲染</td>
<td>好</td>
<td>中</td>
<td>支持</td>
<td>RN、Weex、快应用</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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